Land Management Forecasts
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ECCDA Discussions
National Weather Service Los Angeles/Oxnard CA
929 AM PDT Tue Aug 19 2025

ECC029-201030-
Los Padres National Forest-
Discussion for Vandenberg ECC Dispatch
929 AM PDT Tue Aug 19 2025

...Discussion from Monterey...

A warming and drying trend will continue through  the week. The
hottest temperatures will be Thursday and Friday.  Inland
temperatures will reach the 90s to lower lower 100s. Low
temperatures in the mountains will remain warm overnight since
those locations will be in the lower level temperature inversion.
The marine layer will be compressed and held to the immediate
coast.

Note : All winds are 20-foot Winds Unless otherwise specified.
Thunderstorms imply strong, gusty and erratic winds.



...Discussion from Los Angeles/Oxnard...

...RED FLAG WARNING IN EFFECT FROM 9 AM WEDNESDAY TO 9 PM PDT  SATURDAY
FOR AN UNSEASONABLY HOT AND UNSTABLE AIR MASS CAPABLE OF PRODUCING
EXPLOSIVE FIRE BEHAVIOR FROM VERTICAL PLUME GROWTH...LOW RELATIVE
HUMIDITY...AND LOCALLY BREEZY WINDS FOR PORTIONS OF THE  MOUNTAINS
AND FOOTHILLS OF LOS ANGELES AND VENTURA COUNTIES...

...FIRE WEATHER WATCH IN EFFECT FROM THURSDAY MORNING THROUGH
SATURDAY EVENING FOR AN UNSEASONABLY HOT AND UNSTABLE AIR MASS
CAPABLE OF PRODUCING EXPLOSIVE FIRE BEHAVIOR FROM VERTICAL PLUME
GROWTH...LOW RELATIVE HUMIDITY...AND LOCALLY BREEZY WINDS FOR
PORTIONS OF THE MOUNTAINS AND FOOTHILLS OF SANTA BARBARA AND SAN
LUIS OBISPO COUNTIES...

...LONG DURATION HEATWAVE WITH WIDESPREAD ELEVATED FIRE WEATHER
CONDITIONS INCLUDING POTENTIAL FOR LARGE PLUME DOMINATED FIRES AWAY
FROM THE COAST FROM WEDNESDAY THROUGH SUNDAY...

There will be gradual warming and drying across the interior today
as  upper level high pressure continues to expand westward. There
will be  gusty Sundowner winds these next few evenings, mainly
focused from  Gaviota to San Marcos Pass. Wind gusts of 35 to 50 mph
will be common  each evening. Humidity levels could lower into the
20 to 40 percent  range this evening and Wednesday evening, thereby
increasing the fire  weather concerns for southwest Santa Barbara
county.

A long duration heat wave is likely from Wednesday through Sunday.
With onshore flow expected to be weaker with this event, heat
impacts will  likely spread to inland portions of the coastal plain,
where  temperatures between 90 and 100 degrees will be likely. The
combination  of hot temperatures, low humidities (including poor
overnight recoveries in the mountains and foothills), instability,
locally breezy  conditions, and critically dry fuels away from the
coast, will likely  bring widespread elevated fire weather
conditions across away from the  immediate coast. During the peak of
the heatwave, which will likely be  Thursday through Saturday,
temperatures could soar to between 98 and 110 degrees for the
valleys, lower mountains, and deserts, with minimum  humidities
generally ranging between 8 and 20 percent, and mixing  heights
potentially rising to between 12,000 and 17,000 feet across the
interior. While widespread strong winds are not anticipated with
this  upcoming heat wave, the hot temperatures, low humidities,
increased  instability, locally breezy conditions (mainly across
mountains,  foothills, and canyons), and critically dry fuels will
bring the threat  of large plume dominated fires (especially in the
mountains and  foothills), capable of rapid fire growth and
explosive fire behavior,  including the potential for pyrocumulus
development.

The highest risk areas will be the mountains and foothills of Los
Angeles, Ventura, Santa Barbara, and San Luis Obispo counties, as
well  as Santa Clarita Valley and Cuyama Valley, where Red Flag
Warnings and  Fire Weather Watches are in effect. The Red Flag
Warning and Fire  Weather Watch areas cover areas that have been
climatologically  notorious areas for large plume- dominated fires
in similar weather  patterns to what is coming later this week.

Moreover, the western edge of a southwest-states monsoonal moisture
influx will overlie Los Angeles and Ventura Counties, which will
contribute to the development of atmospheric buoyancy Friday through
 Sunday without significantly moistening the airmass -- i.e.,
displaced  away from the core of the moisture source. While
lightning- induced fire ignitions are a distinctive possibility on
the peripheries of rain  cores, the increase in buoyancy will
further aid in large vertical plume growth accompanied by potential
pyrocumulus development and related  explosive fire behavior.


$$

ECC028-201030-
Santa Barbara County excluding Los Padres National Forest-
Discussion for Santa Barbara ECC Dispatch
929 AM PDT Tue Aug 19 2025

...RED FLAG WARNING IN EFFECT FROM 9 AM WEDNESDAY TO 9 PM PDT  SATURDAY
FOR AN UNSEASONABLY HOT AND UNSTABLE AIR MASS CAPABLE OF PRODUCING
EXPLOSIVE FIRE BEHAVIOR FROM VERTICAL PLUME GROWTH...LOW RELATIVE
HUMIDITY...AND LOCALLY BREEZY WINDS FOR PORTIONS OF THE  MOUNTAINS
AND FOOTHILLS OF LOS ANGELES AND VENTURA COUNTIES...

...FIRE WEATHER WATCH IN EFFECT FROM THURSDAY MORNING THROUGH
SATURDAY EVENING FOR AN UNSEASONABLY HOT AND UNSTABLE AIR MASS
CAPABLE OF PRODUCING EXPLOSIVE FIRE BEHAVIOR FROM VERTICAL PLUME
GROWTH...LOW RELATIVE HUMIDITY...AND LOCALLY BREEZY WINDS FOR
PORTIONS OF THE MOUNTAINS AND FOOTHILLS OF SANTA BARBARA AND SAN
LUIS OBISPO COUNTIES...

...LONG DURATION HEATWAVE WITH WIDESPREAD ELEVATED FIRE WEATHER
CONDITIONS INCLUDING POTENTIAL FOR LARGE PLUME DOMINATED FIRES AWAY
FROM THE COAST FROM WEDNESDAY THROUGH SUNDAY...

There will be gradual warming and drying across the interior today
as  upper level high pressure continues to expand westward. There
will be  gusty Sundowner winds these next few evenings, mainly
focused from  Gaviota to San Marcos Pass. Wind gusts of 35 to 50 mph
will be common  each evening. Humidity levels could lower into the
20 to 40 percent  range this evening and Wednesday evening, thereby
increasing the fire  weather concerns for southwest Santa Barbara
county.

A long duration heat wave is likely from Wednesday through Sunday.
With onshore flow expected to be weaker with this event, heat
impacts will  likely spread to inland portions of the coastal plain,
where  temperatures between 90 and 100 degrees will be likely. The
combination  of hot temperatures, low humidities (including poor
overnight recoveries in the mountains and foothills), instability,
locally breezy  conditions, and critically dry fuels away from the
coast, will likely  bring widespread elevated fire weather
conditions across away from the  immediate coast. During the peak of
the heatwave, which will likely be  Thursday through Saturday,
temperatures could soar to between 98 and 110 degrees for the
valleys, lower mountains, and deserts, with minimum  humidities
generally ranging between 8 and 20 percent, and mixing  heights
potentially rising to between 12,000 and 17,000 feet across the
interior. While widespread strong winds are not anticipated with
this  upcoming heat wave, the hot temperatures, low humidities,
increased  instability, locally breezy conditions (mainly across
mountains,  foothills, and canyons), and critically dry fuels will
bring the threat  of large plume dominated fires (especially in the
mountains and  foothills), capable of rapid fire growth and
explosive fire behavior,  including the potential for pyrocumulus
development.

The highest risk areas will be the mountains and foothills of Los
Angeles, Ventura, Santa Barbara, and San Luis Obispo counties, as
well  as Santa Clarita Valley and Cuyama Valley, where Red Flag
Warnings and  Fire Weather Watches are in effect. The Red Flag
Warning and Fire  Weather Watch areas cover areas that have been
climatologically  notorious areas for large plume- dominated fires
in similar weather  patterns to what is coming later this week.

Moreover, the western edge of a southwest-states monsoonal moisture
influx will overlie Los Angeles and Ventura Counties, which will
contribute to the development of atmospheric buoyancy Friday through
 Sunday without significantly moistening the airmass -- i.e.,
displaced  away from the core of the moisture source. While
lightning- induced fire ignitions are a distinctive possibility on
the peripheries of rain  cores, the increase in buoyancy will
further aid in large vertical plume growth accompanied by potential
pyrocumulus development and related  explosive fire behavior.


$$

ECC031-201030-
Angeles National Forest-
Discussion for Lancaster ECC Dispatch
929 AM PDT Tue Aug 19 2025

...RED FLAG WARNING IN EFFECT FROM 9 AM WEDNESDAY TO 9 PM PDT  SATURDAY
FOR AN UNSEASONABLY HOT AND UNSTABLE AIR MASS CAPABLE OF PRODUCING
EXPLOSIVE FIRE BEHAVIOR FROM VERTICAL PLUME GROWTH...LOW RELATIVE
HUMIDITY...AND LOCALLY BREEZY WINDS FOR PORTIONS OF THE  MOUNTAINS
AND FOOTHILLS OF LOS ANGELES AND VENTURA COUNTIES...

...FIRE WEATHER WATCH IN EFFECT FROM THURSDAY MORNING THROUGH
SATURDAY EVENING FOR AN UNSEASONABLY HOT AND UNSTABLE AIR MASS
CAPABLE OF PRODUCING EXPLOSIVE FIRE BEHAVIOR FROM VERTICAL PLUME
GROWTH...LOW RELATIVE HUMIDITY...AND LOCALLY BREEZY WINDS FOR
PORTIONS OF THE MOUNTAINS AND FOOTHILLS OF SANTA BARBARA AND SAN
LUIS OBISPO COUNTIES...

...LONG DURATION HEATWAVE WITH WIDESPREAD ELEVATED FIRE WEATHER
CONDITIONS INCLUDING POTENTIAL FOR LARGE PLUME DOMINATED FIRES AWAY
FROM THE COAST FROM WEDNESDAY THROUGH SUNDAY...

There will be gradual warming and drying across the interior today
as  upper level high pressure continues to expand westward. There
will be  gusty Sundowner winds these next few evenings, mainly
focused from  Gaviota to San Marcos Pass. Wind gusts of 35 to 50 mph
will be common  each evening. Humidity levels could lower into the
20 to 40 percent  range this evening and Wednesday evening, thereby
increasing the fire  weather concerns for southwest Santa Barbara
county.

A long duration heat wave is likely from Wednesday through Sunday.
With onshore flow expected to be weaker with this event, heat
impacts will  likely spread to inland portions of the coastal plain,
where  temperatures between 90 and 100 degrees will be likely. The
combination  of hot temperatures, low humidities (including poor
overnight recoveries in the mountains and foothills), instability,
locally breezy  conditions, and critically dry fuels away from the
coast, will likely  bring widespread elevated fire weather
conditions across away from the  immediate coast. During the peak of
the heatwave, which will likely be  Thursday through Saturday,
temperatures could soar to between 98 and 110 degrees for the
valleys, lower mountains, and deserts, with minimum  humidities
generally ranging between 8 and 20 percent, and mixing  heights
potentially rising to between 12,000 and 17,000 feet across the
interior. While widespread strong winds are not anticipated with
this  upcoming heat wave, the hot temperatures, low humidities,
increased  instability, locally breezy conditions (mainly across
mountains,  foothills, and canyons), and critically dry fuels will
bring the threat  of large plume dominated fires (especially in the
mountains and  foothills), capable of rapid fire growth and
explosive fire behavior,  including the potential for pyrocumulus
development.

The highest risk areas will be the mountains and foothills of Los
Angeles, Ventura, Santa Barbara, and San Luis Obispo counties, as
well  as Santa Clarita Valley and Cuyama Valley, where Red Flag
Warnings and  Fire Weather Watches are in effect. The Red Flag
Warning and Fire  Weather Watch areas cover areas that have been
climatologically  notorious areas for large plume- dominated fires
in similar weather  patterns to what is coming later this week.

Moreover, the western edge of a southwest-states monsoonal moisture
influx will overlie Los Angeles and Ventura Counties, which will
contribute to the development of atmospheric buoyancy Friday through
 Sunday without significantly moistening the airmass -- i.e.,
displaced  away from the core of the moisture source. While
lightning- induced fire ignitions are a distinctive possibility on
the peripheries of rain  cores, the increase in buoyancy will
further aid in large vertical plume growth accompanied by potential
pyrocumulus development and related  explosive fire behavior.


$$

ECC024-201030-
San Luis Obispo County-
Discussion for San Luis Obispo ECC Dispatch
929 AM PDT Tue Aug 19 2025

...RED FLAG WARNING IN EFFECT FROM 9 AM WEDNESDAY TO 9 PM PDT  SATURDAY
FOR AN UNSEASONABLY HOT AND UNSTABLE AIR MASS CAPABLE OF PRODUCING
EXPLOSIVE FIRE BEHAVIOR FROM VERTICAL PLUME GROWTH...LOW RELATIVE
HUMIDITY...AND LOCALLY BREEZY WINDS FOR PORTIONS OF THE  MOUNTAINS
AND FOOTHILLS OF LOS ANGELES AND VENTURA COUNTIES...

...FIRE WEATHER WATCH IN EFFECT FROM THURSDAY MORNING THROUGH
SATURDAY EVENING FOR AN UNSEASONABLY HOT AND UNSTABLE AIR MASS
CAPABLE OF PRODUCING EXPLOSIVE FIRE BEHAVIOR FROM VERTICAL PLUME
GROWTH...LOW RELATIVE HUMIDITY...AND LOCALLY BREEZY WINDS FOR
PORTIONS OF THE MOUNTAINS AND FOOTHILLS OF SANTA BARBARA AND SAN
LUIS OBISPO COUNTIES...

...LONG DURATION HEATWAVE WITH WIDESPREAD ELEVATED FIRE WEATHER
CONDITIONS INCLUDING POTENTIAL FOR LARGE PLUME DOMINATED FIRES AWAY
FROM THE COAST FROM WEDNESDAY THROUGH SUNDAY...

There will be gradual warming and drying across the interior today
as  upper level high pressure continues to expand westward. There
will be  gusty Sundowner winds these next few evenings, mainly
focused from  Gaviota to San Marcos Pass. Wind gusts of 35 to 50 mph
will be common  each evening. Humidity levels could lower into the
20 to 40 percent  range this evening and Wednesday evening, thereby
increasing the fire  weather concerns for southwest Santa Barbara
county.

A long duration heat wave is likely from Wednesday through Sunday.
With onshore flow expected to be weaker with this event, heat
impacts will  likely spread to inland portions of the coastal plain,
where  temperatures between 90 and 100 degrees will be likely. The
combination  of hot temperatures, low humidities (including poor
overnight recoveries in the mountains and foothills), instability,
locally breezy  conditions, and critically dry fuels away from the
coast, will likely  bring widespread elevated fire weather
conditions across away from the  immediate coast. During the peak of
the heatwave, which will likely be  Thursday through Saturday,
temperatures could soar to between 98 and 110 degrees for the
valleys, lower mountains, and deserts, with minimum  humidities
generally ranging between 8 and 20 percent, and mixing  heights
potentially rising to between 12,000 and 17,000 feet across the
interior. While widespread strong winds are not anticipated with
this  upcoming heat wave, the hot temperatures, low humidities,
increased  instability, locally breezy conditions (mainly across
mountains,  foothills, and canyons), and critically dry fuels will
bring the threat  of large plume dominated fires (especially in the
mountains and  foothills), capable of rapid fire growth and
explosive fire behavior,  including the potential for pyrocumulus
development.

The highest risk areas will be the mountains and foothills of Los
Angeles, Ventura, Santa Barbara, and San Luis Obispo counties, as
well  as Santa Clarita Valley and Cuyama Valley, where Red Flag
Warnings and  Fire Weather Watches are in effect. The Red Flag
Warning and Fire  Weather Watch areas cover areas that have been
climatologically  notorious areas for large plume- dominated fires
in similar weather  patterns to what is coming later this week.

Moreover, the western edge of a southwest-states monsoonal moisture
influx will overlie Los Angeles and Ventura Counties, which will
contribute to the development of atmospheric buoyancy Friday through
 Sunday without significantly moistening the airmass -- i.e.,
displaced  away from the core of the moisture source. While
lightning- induced fire ignitions are a distinctive possibility on
the peripheries of rain  cores, the increase in buoyancy will
further aid in large vertical plume growth accompanied by potential
pyrocumulus development and related  explosive fire behavior.


$$

ECC032-201030-
Ventura County excluding Los Padres National Forest-
Discussion for Ventura ECC Dispatch
929 AM PDT Tue Aug 19 2025

...RED FLAG WARNING IN EFFECT FROM 9 AM WEDNESDAY TO 9 PM PDT  SATURDAY
FOR AN UNSEASONABLY HOT AND UNSTABLE AIR MASS CAPABLE OF PRODUCING
EXPLOSIVE FIRE BEHAVIOR FROM VERTICAL PLUME GROWTH...LOW RELATIVE
HUMIDITY...AND LOCALLY BREEZY WINDS FOR PORTIONS OF THE  MOUNTAINS
AND FOOTHILLS OF LOS ANGELES AND VENTURA COUNTIES...

...FIRE WEATHER WATCH IN EFFECT FROM THURSDAY MORNING THROUGH
SATURDAY EVENING FOR AN UNSEASONABLY HOT AND UNSTABLE AIR MASS
CAPABLE OF PRODUCING EXPLOSIVE FIRE BEHAVIOR FROM VERTICAL PLUME
GROWTH...LOW RELATIVE HUMIDITY...AND LOCALLY BREEZY WINDS FOR
PORTIONS OF THE MOUNTAINS AND FOOTHILLS OF SANTA BARBARA AND SAN
LUIS OBISPO COUNTIES...

...LONG DURATION HEATWAVE WITH WIDESPREAD ELEVATED FIRE WEATHER
CONDITIONS INCLUDING POTENTIAL FOR LARGE PLUME DOMINATED FIRES AWAY
FROM THE COAST FROM WEDNESDAY THROUGH SUNDAY...

There will be gradual warming and drying across the interior today
as  upper level high pressure continues to expand westward. There
will be  gusty Sundowner winds these next few evenings, mainly
focused from  Gaviota to San Marcos Pass. Wind gusts of 35 to 50 mph
will be common  each evening. Humidity levels could lower into the
20 to 40 percent  range this evening and Wednesday evening, thereby
increasing the fire  weather concerns for southwest Santa Barbara
county.

A long duration heat wave is likely from Wednesday through Sunday.
With onshore flow expected to be weaker with this event, heat
impacts will  likely spread to inland portions of the coastal plain,
where  temperatures between 90 and 100 degrees will be likely. The
combination  of hot temperatures, low humidities (including poor
overnight recoveries in the mountains and foothills), instability,
locally breezy  conditions, and critically dry fuels away from the
coast, will likely  bring widespread elevated fire weather
conditions across away from the  immediate coast. During the peak of
the heatwave, which will likely be  Thursday through Saturday,
temperatures could soar to between 98 and 110 degrees for the
valleys, lower mountains, and deserts, with minimum  humidities
generally ranging between 8 and 20 percent, and mixing  heights
potentially rising to between 12,000 and 17,000 feet across the
interior. While widespread strong winds are not anticipated with
this  upcoming heat wave, the hot temperatures, low humidities,
increased  instability, locally breezy conditions (mainly across
mountains,  foothills, and canyons), and critically dry fuels will
bring the threat  of large plume dominated fires (especially in the
mountains and  foothills), capable of rapid fire growth and
explosive fire behavior,  including the potential for pyrocumulus
development.

The highest risk areas will be the mountains and foothills of Los
Angeles, Ventura, Santa Barbara, and San Luis Obispo counties, as
well  as Santa Clarita Valley and Cuyama Valley, where Red Flag
Warnings and  Fire Weather Watches are in effect. The Red Flag
Warning and Fire  Weather Watch areas cover areas that have been
climatologically  notorious areas for large plume- dominated fires
in similar weather  patterns to what is coming later this week.

Moreover, the western edge of a southwest-states monsoonal moisture
influx will overlie Los Angeles and Ventura Counties, which will
contribute to the development of atmospheric buoyancy Friday through
 Sunday without significantly moistening the airmass -- i.e.,
displaced  away from the core of the moisture source. While
lightning- induced fire ignitions are a distinctive possibility on
the peripheries of rain  cores, the increase in buoyancy will
further aid in large vertical plume growth accompanied by potential
pyrocumulus development and related  explosive fire behavior.


$$

ECC030-201030-
Los Angeles County excluding Angeles National Forest-
Discussion for Los Angeles ECC Dispatch
929 AM PDT Tue Aug 19 2025

...RED FLAG WARNING IN EFFECT FROM 9 AM WEDNESDAY TO 9 PM PDT  SATURDAY
FOR AN UNSEASONABLY HOT AND UNSTABLE AIR MASS CAPABLE OF PRODUCING
EXPLOSIVE FIRE BEHAVIOR FROM VERTICAL PLUME GROWTH...LOW RELATIVE
HUMIDITY...AND LOCALLY BREEZY WINDS FOR PORTIONS OF THE  MOUNTAINS
AND FOOTHILLS OF LOS ANGELES AND VENTURA COUNTIES...

...FIRE WEATHER WATCH IN EFFECT FROM THURSDAY MORNING THROUGH
SATURDAY EVENING FOR AN UNSEASONABLY HOT AND UNSTABLE AIR MASS
CAPABLE OF PRODUCING EXPLOSIVE FIRE BEHAVIOR FROM VERTICAL PLUME
GROWTH...LOW RELATIVE HUMIDITY...AND LOCALLY BREEZY WINDS FOR
PORTIONS OF THE MOUNTAINS AND FOOTHILLS OF SANTA BARBARA AND SAN
LUIS OBISPO COUNTIES...

...LONG DURATION HEATWAVE WITH WIDESPREAD ELEVATED FIRE WEATHER
CONDITIONS INCLUDING POTENTIAL FOR LARGE PLUME DOMINATED FIRES AWAY
FROM THE COAST FROM WEDNESDAY THROUGH SUNDAY...

There will be gradual warming and drying across the interior today
as  upper level high pressure continues to expand westward. There
will be  gusty Sundowner winds these next few evenings, mainly
focused from  Gaviota to San Marcos Pass. Wind gusts of 35 to 50 mph
will be common  each evening. Humidity levels could lower into the
20 to 40 percent  range this evening and Wednesday evening, thereby
increasing the fire  weather concerns for southwest Santa Barbara
county.

A long duration heat wave is likely from Wednesday through Sunday.
With onshore flow expected to be weaker with this event, heat
impacts will  likely spread to inland portions of the coastal plain,
where  temperatures between 90 and 100 degrees will be likely. The
combination  of hot temperatures, low humidities (including poor
overnight recoveries in the mountains and foothills), instability,
locally breezy  conditions, and critically dry fuels away from the
coast, will likely  bring widespread elevated fire weather
conditions across away from the  immediate coast. During the peak of
the heatwave, which will likely be  Thursday through Saturday,
temperatures could soar to between 98 and 110 degrees for the
valleys, lower mountains, and deserts, with minimum  humidities
generally ranging between 8 and 20 percent, and mixing  heights
potentially rising to between 12,000 and 17,000 feet across the
interior. While widespread strong winds are not anticipated with
this  upcoming heat wave, the hot temperatures, low humidities,
increased  instability, locally breezy conditions (mainly across
mountains,  foothills, and canyons), and critically dry fuels will
bring the threat  of large plume dominated fires (especially in the
mountains and  foothills), capable of rapid fire growth and
explosive fire behavior,  including the potential for pyrocumulus
development.

The highest risk areas will be the mountains and foothills of Los
Angeles, Ventura, Santa Barbara, and San Luis Obispo counties, as
well  as Santa Clarita Valley and Cuyama Valley, where Red Flag
Warnings and  Fire Weather Watches are in effect. The Red Flag
Warning and Fire  Weather Watch areas cover areas that have been
climatologically  notorious areas for large plume- dominated fires
in similar weather  patterns to what is coming later this week.

Moreover, the western edge of a southwest-states monsoonal moisture
influx will overlie Los Angeles and Ventura Counties, which will
contribute to the development of atmospheric buoyancy Friday through
 Sunday without significantly moistening the airmass -- i.e.,
displaced  away from the core of the moisture source. While
lightning- induced fire ignitions are a distinctive possibility on
the peripheries of rain  cores, the increase in buoyancy will
further aid in large vertical plume growth accompanied by potential
pyrocumulus development and related  explosive fire behavior.


$$