Soaring Guidance
Issued by NWS Denver/Boulder, CO
Issued by NWS Denver/Boulder, CO
470
UXUS97 KBOU 230100
SRGBOU
Soaring Forecast
National Weather Service Denver/Boulder, Colorado
1759 MST Friday, November 22, 2024
This forecast is for Saturday, November 23, 2024:
If the trigger temperature of 71.3 F/21.8 C is reached...then
Thermal Soaring Index....................... Poor
Maximum rate of lift........................ 0 ft/min (0.0 m/s)
Maximum height of thermals.................. 6977 ft MSL (1686 ft AGL)
Forecast maximum temperature................... 64.0 F/18.2 C
Time of trigger temperature.................... None
Time of overdevelopment........................ None
Middle/high clouds during soaring window....... Broken/overcast opaque middle
Surface winds during soaring window............ 20 mph or less
Height of the -3 thermal index................. 6259 ft MSL (967 ft AGL)
Thermal soaring outlook for Sunday 11/24....... Poor
Wave Soaring Index............................. Poor
Wave Soaring Index trend (to 1700 MST)......... No change
Height of stable layer (12-18K ft MSL)......... None
Weak PVA/NVA (through 1700 MST)................ Neither
Potential height of wave....................... 32840 ft MSL (27549 ft AGL)
Wave soaring outlook for Sunday 11/24.......... Fair
Remarks...
Sunrise/Sunset.................... 06:53:59 / 16:38:11 MST
Total possible sunshine........... 9 hr 44 min 13 sec (584 min 13 sec)
Altitude of sun at 11:46:05 MST... 29.59 degrees
Upper air data from numerical model forecast valid on 11/23/2024 at 0500 MST
Freezing level.................. 13464 ft MSL (8173 ft AGL)
Convective condensation level... 24181 ft MSL (18890 ft AGL)
Lifted condensation level....... 18936 ft MSL (13645 ft AGL)
Lifted index.................... +9.8
K index......................... -17.3
Height Temperature Wind Wind Spd Lapse Rate ConvectionT Thermal Lift Rate
ft MSL deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft deg C deg F Index fpm m/s
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
50000 -65.8 -86.4 290 55 28 -1.5 -0.8 M M M M M
45000 -67.7 -89.9 285 78 40 3.4 1.9 M M M M M
40000 -63.3 -81.9 290 82 42 3.1 1.7 M M M M M
38000 -59.4 -74.9 290 79 41 7.8 4.3 M M M M M
36000 -54.7 -66.5 295 75 39 7.8 4.3 M M M M M
34000 -49.9 -57.8 295 67 34 8.4 4.6 M M M M M
32000 -44.8 -48.6 285 53 27 8.4 4.6 M M M M M
30000 -39.1 -38.4 275 45 23 8.6 4.7 36.1 97.0 13.8 M M
29000 -36.5 -33.7 275 46 24 8.6 4.7 35.6 96.1 13.7 M M
28000 -33.9 -29.0 275 46 24 8.6 4.7 35.3 95.5 13.5 M M
27000 -31.5 -24.7 275 46 24 7.7 4.2 34.7 94.5 13.2 M M
26000 -29.2 -20.6 270 45 23 7.7 4.2 33.9 92.9 12.7 M M
25000 -26.9 -16.4 270 43 22 7.7 4.2 33.1 91.6 12.3 M M
24000 -24.6 -12.3 270 42 22 7.5 4.1 32.4 90.3 11.8 M M
23000 -22.3 -8.1 265 40 20 7.5 4.1 31.5 88.7 11.2 M M
22000 -20.1 -4.2 265 38 19 7.5 4.1 30.8 87.4 10.7 M M
21000 -17.8 -0.0 260 36 18 7.8 4.3 30.0 86.0 10.2 M M
20000 -15.5 4.1 260 34 17 7.8 4.3 29.3 84.7 9.7 M M
19500 -14.3 6.3 260 33 17 7.8 4.3 29.0 84.1 9.5 M M
19000 -13.1 8.4 260 32 16 7.8 4.3 28.6 83.6 9.3 M M
18500 -12.0 10.4 260 31 16 7.4 4.1 28.3 82.9 9.0 M M
18000 -10.9 12.4 260 30 15 7.4 4.1 27.9 82.2 8.7 M M
17500 -9.8 14.4 260 29 15 7.6 4.2 27.5 81.5 8.5 M M
17000 -8.6 16.5 260 28 14 7.8 4.3 27.2 80.9 8.2 M M
16500 -7.4 18.7 260 26 14 7.8 4.3 26.8 80.3 7.9 M M
16000 -6.3 20.7 260 25 13 7.6 4.2 26.5 79.6 7.7 M M
15500 -5.1 22.8 260 24 12 7.6 4.2 26.1 79.0 7.4 M M
15000 -3.4 25.9 260 22 11 7.9 4.3 25.6 78.1 7.0 M M
14500 -2.2 28.0 260 20 10 7.9 4.3 25.3 77.6 6.8 M M
14000 -1.0 30.2 260 19 10 7.9 4.3 25.0 77.0 6.5 M M
13500 0.1 32.2 260 17 9 7.9 4.3 24.7 76.5 6.2 M M
13000 1.3 34.3 255 15 8 8.0 4.4 24.4 75.9 6.0 M M
12500 2.5 36.5 255 14 7 8.0 4.4 24.1 75.4 5.8 M M
12000 3.7 38.7 250 13 6 8.1 4.4 23.9 74.9 5.5 M M
11500 4.9 40.8 250 11 6 8.2 4.5 23.6 74.4 5.3 M M
11000 6.1 43.0 245 10 5 6.6 3.6 23.3 73.9 5.0 M M
10500 7.0 44.6 240 10 5 5.3 2.9 22.7 72.9 4.5 M M
10250 7.5 45.5 240 9 5 10.0 5.5 22.4 72.4 4.3 M M
10000 8.4 47.1 235 8 4 10.3 5.6 22.6 72.7 4.5 M M
9750 8.9 48.0 235 8 4 5.6 3.1 22.4 72.3 4.2 M M
9500 9.4 48.9 230 7 4 7.4 4.0 22.1 71.9 4.0 M M
9250 9.9 49.8 230 7 4 5.0 2.7 21.9 71.4 3.8 M M
9000 10.2 50.4 225 7 3 4.6 2.5 21.5 70.6 3.4 M M
8750 10.6 51.1 225 6 3 6.3 3.5 21.2 70.1 3.1 M M
8500 11.1 52.0 220 6 3 6.5 3.5 20.9 69.6 2.8 M M
8250 11.5 52.7 215 5 3 4.8 2.6 20.6 69.1 2.6 M M
8000 11.8 53.2 215 5 3 2.9 1.6 20.1 68.2 2.1 M M
7750 12.0 53.6 210 5 3 3.9 2.1 19.6 67.3 1.6 M M
7500 12.3 54.1 210 5 3 4.3 2.4 19.2 66.6 1.2 M M
7250 12.6 54.7 210 5 3 2.6 1.4 18.7 65.7 0.7 M M
7000 12.7 54.9 205 5 3 1.3 0.7 18.1 64.6 0.1 M M
6750 12.8 55.0 205 5 3 -0.3 -0.1 17.4 63.4 -0.6 113 0.6
6500 12.5 54.5 205 5 3 -5.4 -3.0 16.5 61.7 -1.5 112 0.6
6250 11.9 53.4 210 6 3 -10.7 -5.8 15.1 59.2 -2.9 124 0.6
6000 11.0 51.8 210 6 3 -11.1 -6.1 13.5 56.3 -4.5 143 0.7
5750 10.1 50.2 215 7 4 -13.8 -7.6 11.9 53.5 -6.1 161 0.8
5500 8.3 46.9 215 8 4 -39.4 -21.6 9.4 48.9 -8.7 209 1.1
* * * * * * Numerical weather prediction model forecast data valid * * * * * *
11/23/2024 at 0800 MST | 11/23/2024 at 1100 MST
|
CAPE... 0.0 LI... +4.2 | CAPE... 0.0 LI... +4.3
CINH... -0.2 K Index... -32.5 | CINH... -0.0 K Index... -29.2
|
Height Temperature Wnd WndSpd Lapse Rate | Temperature Wnd WndSpd Lapse Rate
ft MSL deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft | deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
50000 -66.0 -86.8 290 51 26 -2.3 -1.3 | -66.2 -87.2 285 58 30 -2.1 -1.2
45000 -69.1 -92.4 290 80 41 4.2 2.3 | -69.2 -92.6 285 82 42 2.7 1.5
40000 -63.7 -82.7 285 77 40 3.7 2.1 | -62.9 -81.2 285 81 42 3.9 2.2
38000 -59.4 -74.9 285 74 38 8.3 4.5 | -58.5 -73.3 285 78 40 8.3 4.6
36000 -54.4 -65.9 285 70 36 8.3 4.5 | -53.5 -64.3 285 76 39 8.3 4.6
34000 -49.3 -56.7 285 66 34 8.8 4.8 | -48.4 -55.1 280 71 37 8.6 4.7
32000 -44.0 -47.2 285 61 31 8.8 4.8 | -43.3 -45.9 280 64 33 8.6 4.7
30000 -38.4 -37.1 280 54 28 8.0 4.4 | -37.6 -35.7 275 57 29 8.3 4.6
29000 -36.0 -32.8 275 50 26 8.0 4.4 | -35.1 -31.2 275 54 28 8.3 4.6
28000 -33.6 -28.5 270 47 24 8.0 4.4 | -32.6 -26.7 270 52 27 8.3 4.6
27000 -31.3 -24.3 270 45 23 7.4 4.0 | -30.3 -22.5 265 49 25 7.1 3.9
26000 -29.1 -20.4 265 45 23 7.4 4.0 | -28.2 -18.8 260 47 24 7.1 3.9
25000 -26.9 -16.4 265 45 23 7.4 4.0 | -26.0 -14.8 260 45 23 7.1 3.9
24000 -24.7 -12.5 265 44 23 7.5 4.1 | -23.9 -11.0 255 44 23 7.3 4.0
23000 -22.5 -8.5 265 42 21 7.5 4.1 | -21.7 -7.1 255 44 23 7.2 4.0
22000 -20.2 -4.4 265 40 20 7.5 4.1 | -19.6 -3.3 255 44 23 7.2 4.0
21000 -17.9 -0.2 260 37 19 8.0 4.4 | -17.3 0.9 260 44 22 7.6 4.2
20000 -15.5 4.1 260 35 18 8.0 4.4 | -15.1 4.8 260 42 22 7.6 4.2
19500 -14.3 6.3 260 34 18 8.0 4.4 | -13.9 7.0 260 42 22 7.6 4.2
19000 -13.1 8.4 260 33 17 8.0 4.4 | -12.8 9.0 260 41 21 7.6 4.1
18500 -11.9 10.6 260 32 17 7.5 4.1 | -11.7 10.9 260 41 21 7.7 4.3
18000 -10.8 12.6 260 32 16 7.6 4.1 | -10.5 13.1 260 40 20 7.7 4.2
17500 -9.7 14.5 260 31 16 7.7 4.2 | -9.3 15.3 260 39 20 7.6 4.2
17000 -8.5 16.7 260 29 15 7.8 4.3 | -8.2 17.2 260 37 19 7.5 4.1
16500 -7.3 18.9 260 28 14 7.8 4.3 | -7.1 19.2 260 36 19 7.5 4.1
16000 -5.6 21.9 260 26 13 7.5 4.1 | -5.4 22.3 265 34 17 7.4 4.1
15500 -4.5 23.9 255 24 13 7.5 4.1 | -4.3 24.3 265 32 17 7.4 4.1
15000 -3.3 26.1 255 23 12 7.6 4.1 | -3.2 26.2 265 30 16 7.3 4.0
14500 -2.2 28.0 255 21 11 7.5 4.1 | -2.1 28.2 260 28 14 7.3 4.0
14000 -1.0 30.2 255 19 10 7.8 4.3 | -1.0 30.2 260 26 13 7.6 4.2
13500 0.1 32.2 255 18 9 7.8 4.3 | 0.2 32.4 260 24 12 7.6 4.2
13000 1.3 34.3 250 17 9 7.8 4.3 | 1.3 34.3 260 22 12 7.8 4.3
12500 2.4 36.3 250 16 8 7.8 4.3 | 2.5 36.5 260 21 11 7.9 4.3
12000 3.6 38.5 250 15 8 7.6 4.2 | 3.7 38.7 260 20 10 7.7 4.2
11500 4.7 40.5 250 14 7 7.6 4.2 | 4.9 40.8 260 19 10 7.6 4.2
11000 5.8 42.4 245 13 7 6.2 3.4 | 6.0 42.8 260 18 9 7.0 3.9
10500 6.7 44.1 245 12 6 4.8 2.6 | 7.0 44.6 260 17 9 6.1 3.4
10250 7.1 44.8 245 12 6 9.4 5.2 | 7.5 45.5 260 17 9 8.9 4.9
10000 8.0 46.4 240 12 6 10.1 5.5 | 8.3 46.9 260 16 8 9.4 5.2
9750 8.5 47.3 235 12 6 5.8 3.2 | 8.8 47.8 255 16 8 6.8 3.7
9500 9.0 48.2 235 11 6 7.5 4.1 | 9.4 48.9 255 15 8 7.8 4.3
9250 9.5 49.1 230 11 6 5.0 2.8 | 9.9 49.8 255 14 7 6.5 3.5
9000 9.8 49.6 220 9 5 5.4 2.9 | 10.4 50.7 255 14 7 6.3 3.5
8750 10.3 50.5 220 9 5 7.6 4.2 | 10.9 51.6 255 13 7 7.2 4.0
8500 10.9 51.6 215 9 5 7.4 4.1 | 11.4 52.5 250 13 7 7.1 3.9
8250 11.4 52.5 215 9 5 6.2 3.4 | 12.0 53.6 245 12 6 6.7 3.7
8000 11.8 53.2 205 9 4 4.7 2.6 | 12.4 54.3 245 12 6 5.6 3.1
7750 12.1 53.8 200 8 4 5.2 2.8 | 12.8 55.0 245 12 6 5.1 2.8
7500 12.5 54.5 200 8 4 5.8 3.2 | 13.2 55.8 240 11 6 5.5 3.0
7250 12.9 55.2 200 7 4 3.8 2.1 | 13.6 56.5 235 11 5 4.3 2.4
7000 13.1 55.6 195 7 4 2.0 1.1 | 13.8 56.8 235 10 5 2.9 1.6
6750 13.2 55.8 190 6 3 0.9 0.5 | 14.0 57.2 235 10 5 2.0 1.1
6500 13.1 55.6 190 6 3 -3.9 -2.1 | 14.1 57.4 230 8 4 0.8 0.4
6250 12.5 54.5 195 6 3 -10.4 -5.7 | 14.0 57.2 220 8 4 -3.3 -1.8
6000 11.6 52.9 200 6 3 -12.7 -7.0 | 13.6 56.5 220 7 4 -5.8 -3.2
5750 10.7 51.3 205 7 3 -12.5 -6.9 | 13.1 55.6 215 7 4 -6.0 -3.3
5500 9.1 48.4 205 7 3 -33.9 -18.6 | 12.6 54.7 210 6 3 -6.0 -3.3
11/23/2024 at 1400 MST | 11/23/2024 at 1700 MST
|
CAPE... 0.0 LI... +7.1 | CAPE... 0.0 LI... +7.8
CINH... -0.0 K Index... -19.3 | CINH... 0.0 K Index... -11.9
|
Height Temperature Wnd WndSpd Lapse Rate | Temperature Wnd WndSpd Lapse Rate
ft MSL deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft | deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
50000 -68.6 -91.5 275 70 36 -0.1 -0.1 | -70.1 -94.2 270 77 39 0.5 0.3
45000 -68.6 -91.5 280 79 40 4.1 2.2 | -69.0 -92.2 275 80 41 4.7 2.6
40000 -62.3 -80.1 275 74 38 3.7 2.1 | -62.6 -80.7 260 64 33 4.4 2.4
38000 -57.7 -71.9 275 72 37 8.4 4.6 | -58.1 -72.6 260 62 32 8.4 4.6
36000 -52.7 -62.9 275 69 35 8.4 4.6 | -53.1 -63.6 260 60 31 8.4 4.6
34000 -47.7 -53.9 275 66 34 8.5 4.7 | -47.3 -53.1 260 60 31 8.8 4.8
32000 -42.6 -44.7 275 64 33 8.5 4.7 | -42.0 -43.6 260 60 31 8.8 4.8
30000 -37.5 -35.5 270 62 32 8.5 4.7 | -36.8 -34.2 260 60 31 8.6 4.7
29000 -34.9 -30.8 270 60 31 8.5 4.7 | -34.2 -29.6 260 61 31 8.6 4.7
28000 -32.4 -26.3 270 58 30 8.5 4.7 | -31.6 -24.9 260 61 31 8.6 4.7
27000 -29.2 -20.6 265 54 28 8.5 4.7 | -29.1 -20.4 260 60 31 8.4 4.6
26000 -26.6 -15.9 260 49 25 8.5 4.7 | -26.6 -15.9 260 56 29 8.4 4.6
25000 -24.1 -11.4 255 45 23 8.6 4.7 | -24.1 -11.4 260 52 27 8.4 4.6
24000 -21.6 -6.9 250 43 22 7.6 4.2 | -21.6 -6.9 260 49 25 7.9 4.3
23000 -19.3 -2.7 255 43 22 7.7 4.2 | -19.2 -2.6 260 49 25 7.9 4.3
22000 -17.0 1.4 255 44 22 7.7 4.2 | -16.9 1.6 255 49 25 7.9 4.3
21000 -14.8 5.4 255 45 23 7.1 3.9 | -14.6 5.7 255 50 26 6.9 3.8
20000 -12.7 9.1 260 47 24 7.1 3.9 | -12.5 9.5 260 51 26 7.1 3.9
19500 -11.6 11.1 260 48 25 7.1 3.9 | -11.5 11.3 260 52 27 7.1 3.9
19000 -10.5 13.1 260 49 25 7.2 4.0 | -10.4 13.3 260 53 27 7.1 3.9
18500 -9.5 14.9 260 50 26 6.2 3.4 | -9.4 15.1 260 54 28 6.8 3.7
18000 -8.6 16.5 265 51 26 6.1 3.4 | -8.4 16.9 260 54 28 6.7 3.7
17500 -7.7 18.1 265 52 27 6.0 3.3 | -7.4 18.7 265 55 28 6.6 3.6
17000 -6.8 19.8 265 51 26 5.7 3.2 | -6.5 20.3 265 55 28 5.6 3.1
16500 -5.9 21.4 265 50 26 5.8 3.2 | -5.6 21.9 265 55 28 5.7 3.1
16000 -5.0 23.0 265 49 25 5.7 3.1 | -4.4 24.1 265 53 27 4.9 2.7
15500 -4.2 24.4 265 46 24 5.7 3.1 | -3.7 25.3 265 51 26 4.9 2.7
15000 -3.3 26.1 265 43 22 6.1 3.4 | -2.9 26.8 265 48 25 5.4 3.0
14500 -2.3 27.9 270 40 21 6.5 3.5 | -2.0 28.4 265 44 23 5.4 3.0
14000 -1.4 29.5 270 37 19 6.6 3.6 | -1.2 29.8 270 40 21 5.9 3.2
13500 -0.3 31.5 270 35 18 6.9 3.8 | -0.3 31.5 270 37 19 6.2 3.4
13000 1.2 34.2 270 32 16 6.8 3.7 | 0.7 33.3 270 34 17 6.3 3.5
12500 2.2 36.0 270 29 15 6.8 3.7 | 1.7 35.1 270 30 15 6.5 3.6
12000 3.2 37.8 270 26 13 7.0 3.8 | 2.6 36.7 270 26 13 6.7 3.7
11500 4.3 39.7 265 23 12 7.2 4.0 | 3.7 38.7 270 23 12 6.9 3.8
11000 5.4 41.7 265 20 10 6.5 3.6 | 4.7 40.5 265 19 10 6.6 3.6
10500 6.3 43.3 265 16 8 4.8 2.6 | 5.6 42.1 265 16 8 5.2 2.8
10250 6.7 44.1 260 15 8 9.4 5.2 | 6.0 42.8 265 15 8 7.8 4.3
10000 7.6 45.7 260 13 6 10.7 5.9 | 6.8 44.2 260 14 7 9.7 5.3
9750 8.2 46.8 255 11 6 6.9 3.8 | 7.4 45.3 260 12 6 7.9 4.3
9500 8.7 47.7 250 10 5 7.1 3.9 | 8.0 46.4 260 10 5 7.5 4.1
9250 9.3 48.7 245 8 4 9.2 5.0 | 8.5 47.3 255 9 5 8.3 4.5
9000 10.1 50.2 235 7 4 10.0 5.5 | 9.2 48.6 255 8 4 9.9 5.4
8750 10.7 51.3 230 6 3 8.1 4.4 | 10.0 50.0 250 7 4 9.2 5.1
8500 11.3 52.3 220 6 3 8.8 4.8 | 10.6 51.1 250 6 3 8.3 4.5
8250 12.0 53.6 215 6 3 7.9 4.3 | 11.2 52.2 245 5 3 8.4 4.6
8000 12.5 54.5 205 6 3 6.4 3.5 | 11.8 53.2 245 5 2 6.8 3.7
7750 13.0 55.4 200 6 3 7.1 3.9 | 12.3 54.1 245 5 2 7.1 3.9
7500 13.6 56.5 200 7 4 8.4 4.6 | 12.9 55.2 240 5 2 8.6 4.7
7250 14.2 57.6 195 8 4 6.7 3.7 | 13.5 56.3 240 5 2 7.7 4.2
7000 14.6 58.3 195 8 4 4.0 2.2 | 14.0 57.2 235 5 2 5.9 3.3
6750 14.8 58.6 195 9 4 3.5 1.9 | 14.4 57.9 235 5 2 3.9 2.2
6500 15.1 59.2 190 9 5 4.4 2.4 | 14.6 58.3 235 5 2 3.8 2.1
6250 15.4 59.7 190 10 5 1.6 0.9 | 14.9 58.8 230 5 3 2.5 1.4
6000 15.3 59.5 190 9 5 -1.0 -0.5 | 14.9 58.8 225 5 3 1.5 0.8
5750 15.2 59.4 190 8 4 1.2 0.6 | 14.9 58.8 220 5 2 -1.6 -0.9
5500 15.3 59.5 185 5 2 2.8 1.5 | 14.2 57.6 215 3 2 -20.1 -11.0
________________________________________________________________________________
This product is issued twice per day, once by approximately 0630 MST/0730 MDT
(1330 UTC) and again by approximately 1830 MST/1930 MDT (0130 UTC). It is not
continuously monitored nor updated after its initial issuance.
The information contained herein is based on rawinsonde observation and/or
numerical weather prediction model data taken near the old Stapleton
Airport site in Denver, Colorado at
North Latitude: 39 deg 46 min 5.016 sec
West Longitude: 104 deg 52 min 9.984 sec
Elevation: 5285 feet (1611 meters)
and may not be representative of other areas along the Front Range of the
Colorado Rocky Mountains. Note that some elevations in numerical weather
prediction models differ from actual station elevations, which can lead to
data which appear to be below ground. Erroneous data such as these should
not be used.
The content and format of this report as well as the issuance times are subject
to change without prior notice. Comments and suggestions are welcome and should
be directed to one of the addresses or phone numbers shown at the bottom of this
page. To expedite a response to comments, be sure to mention your interest in
the soaring forecast.
DEFINITIONS:
CAPE (Convective Available Potential Energy) - An integrated measure of the
energy available for convective development, also known as the positive
area on a thermodynamic diagram. Units are Joules per kilogram. Larger
values are indicative of greater instability and the possibility of
stronger convective activity, including thunderstorms. Values around or
greater than 1000 suggest the possibility of severe weather should
convective activity develop.
CINH (Convective Inhibition) - An integrated measure of the amount of energy
needed to initiate convective activity, also known as the negative area on
a thermodynamic diagram. Units are Joules per kilogram. The more negative
this number, the more energy is required to initiate convection. This
inhibitive energy can be overcome through surface heating, cooling aloft,
lifting mechanisms (orographic, frontal, gravity waves, etc.)
Convective Condensation Level - The height to which an air parcel possessing the
average saturation mixing ratio in the lowest 4000 feet of the airmass,
if heated sufficiently from below, will rise dry adiabatically until it
just becomes saturated. It estimates the base of cumulus clouds that are
produced by surface heating only.
Convection Temperature (ConvectionT) - The surface temperature required to make
the airmass dry adiabatic up to the given level. It can be considered a
"trigger temperature" for that level.
Freezing Level - The height where the temperature is zero degrees Celsius.
Height of Stable Layer - The height (between 12,000 and 18,000 feet above
mean sea level) where the smallest lapse rate exists. The location and
existence of this feature is important in the generation of mountain
waves.
K Index - A measure of stability which combines the temperature difference
between approximately 5,000 and 18,000 feet above the surface, the amount
of moisture at approximately 5,000 feet above the surface, and a measure
of the dryness at approximately 10,000 feet above the surface. Larger
positive numbers indicate more instability and a greater likelihood of
thunderstorm development. One interpretation of K index values regarding
soaring in the western United States is given in WMO Technical Note 158
and is reproduced in the following table:
below -10 no or weak thermals
-10 to 5 dry thermals or 1/8 cumulus with moderate thermals
5 to 15 good soaring conditions
15 to 20 good soaring conditions with occasional showers
20 to 30 excellent soaring conditions, but increasing
probability of showers and thunderstorms
above 30 more than 60 percent probability of thunderstorms
Lapse Rate - The change with height of the temperature. Negative values indicate
inversions.
Lifted Condensation Level - The height to which an air parcel possessing the
average dew point in the lowest 4000 feet of the airmass and the forecast
maximum temperature must be lifted dry adiabatically to attain saturation.
Lifted Index (LI) - The difference between the environmental temperature at a
level approximately 18,000 feet above the surface and the temperature of
an air parcel lifted dry adiabatically from the surface to its lifted
condensation level and then pseudoadiabatically thereafter to this same
level. The parcel`s initial temperature is the forecast maximum
temperature and its dew point is the average dew point in the lowest 4000
feet of the airmass. Negative values are indicative of instability with
positive values showing stable conditions.
Lift Rate - An experimental estimate of the strength of thermals. It is
computed the same way as the maximum rate of lift but uses the actual
level rather than the maximum height of thermals in the calculation.
Also, none of the empirical adjustments based on cloudiness and K-index
are applied to these calculations.
Maximum Height of Thermals - The height where the dry adiabat through the
forecast maximum temperature intersects the environmental temperature.
Maximum Rate of Lift - An estimate of the maximum strength of thermals. It
is computed from an empirical formula which combines the expected maximum
height of thermals with the difference in the environmental temperatures
between the maximum height of thermals and the temperature 4,000 feet
above the ground. After this computation, further empirical adjustments
are made based on the value of the K-index and the amount and opacity of
middle and high level cloudiness expected between the time of trigger
temperature and the time of overdevelopment.
Middle/High Clouds - The amount and opacity of middle (altostratus, altocumulus)
or high (cirrus, cirrostratus, cirrocumulus) clouds. Broken means that
between 60% and 90% of the sky is covered by the cloud, with overcast
conditions occurring when more than 90% of the sky is covered by the cloud.
Thin implies that the clouds are predominantly transparent, meaning that
some sunlight is reaching the ground, in contrast to opaque which suggests
that little sunlight is reaching the ground.
Potential Height of Wave - The minimum of the following two heights:
1. Level above the height of stable layer (or 14,000 feet if none exists)
where the wind direction changes by 30 degrees or more
2. Level above the height of stable layer (or 14,000 feet if none exists)
where the wind speed no longer increases with height
PVA/NVA - Positive vorticity advection (PVA)/negative vorticity advection (NVA)
on the 500 millibar isobaric surface (approximately 18,000 feet above mean
sea level). Weak PVA has been shown to assist in mountain wave soaring.
Soaring Window - The time between the time the trigger temperature is reached
and the time of overdevelopment.
Thermal Index - The difference between the environmental temperature and the
temperature at a particular level determined by following the dry adiabat
through the forecast maximum temperature up to that level. Negative values
are indicative of thermal lift.
Thermal Soaring Index - An adjective rating (for sailplanes) based on the
computed maximum rate of lift, and the wind speed and middle and high
cloud cover expected during the soaring window (the time of the trigger
temperature and the time of overdevelopment) according to the following:
Maximum rate of lift Adjective Rating
>= 800 fpm Excellent
>= 400 and < 800 fpm Good
>= 200 and < 400 fpm Fair
< 200 fpm Poor
Time of Overdevelopment - The time one or more of the following phenomena,
which essentially shut off thermal lift, is expected to occur:
1. formation of broken to overcast convective cloud cover
2. formation of scattered to numerous downbursts
3. initiation of widespread precipitation
Time of Trigger Temperature - The time the surface temperature is expected to
reach the trigger temperature.
Trigger Temperature - The surface temperature required to make the first 4000
feet of the atmosphere dry adiabatic.
Wave Soaring Index - An empirical, adjective rating (for sailplanes) which
attempts to combine a variety of phenomena important in mountain wave
soaring into a single index number. Objective points are assigned to
these phenomena: wind speed and direction at 14,000 ft MSL, the static
stability in the 12,000-18,000 ft MSL layer, the wind speed gradient above
the stable layer, jet stream location and frontal and upper trough
movements.
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